The hippocampus plays an important role in representing space (for spatial navigation) and time (for episodic memory). Spatial representation of the environment is pivotal for navigation in rodents and primates. Two types of maps, topographical and topological, may be used for spatial representation. Rodent hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially-selective firing patterns in an environment that can be decoded to determine the animal’s location, heading, and past and future trajectory.