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A vertical torus as above has four critical
points: a,
b ,c ,d. Among them, a is a
local (also global) minimum, d is a local (also global) maximum, b and c are the saddle
points (neither maxima nor minima) which
have attracted a lot of attention since the beginning of the last century among both mathematics
and physics communities. Roughly speaking, the Morse index at a
critical point, say b, is the number of linearly
independent directions around that critical point in which f
decreases. Here, f is the function defining on
the surface of the torus, whose values are exactly the altitudes of points on the surface. Accordingly to this, Morse
indices of a,
b, c ,d are 0, 1, 1, 2, respectively. One can easily conclude that Morse
index of a local minimum is always zero.
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